新托福(IBT)口语——OG官方评分标准解析

　　TOEFL IBT Speaking Scoring Rubric

　　Independent Tasks (Questions 1 and 2)

　　Score：4

　　General Description: The response fulfills the demands of the task, with at most minor lapses in completeness. It is highly intelligible and exhibits sustained, coherent discourse. A response at this level is characterized by all of the following.

　　Delivery: Generally well-paced flow (fluid expression). Speech is clear. It may include minor lapses, or minor difficulties with pronunciation or intonation patterns, which do not affect intelligibility.

　　Language Use: The response demonstrates effective use of grammar and vocabulary. It exhibits a fairly high degree of automat city with good control of basic and complex structures (as appropriate). Some minor (or systemic) errors are noticeable but do not obscure meaning.

　　Topic Development: Response is sustained and sufficient to the task. It is generally well developed and coherent; relationships between ideas are clear (or clear progression of ideas).

　　Score：3

　　General Description: The response addresses the task appropriately, but may fall short of being fully developed. It is generally intelligible and coherent, with some fluidity of expression though it exhibits some noticeable lapses in the expression of ideas. A response at this level is characterized by at least two of the following.

　　Delivery: Speech is generally clear, with some fluidity of expression, though minor difficulties with pronunciation, intonation, or pacing are noticeable and may require listener effort at times (though overall intelligibility is not significantly affected).

　　Language Use: The response demonstrates fairly automatic and effective use of grammar and vocabulary and fairly coherent expression of relevant ideas. Response may exhibit some imprecise or inaccurate use of vocabulary or grammatical structures used. This may affect overall fluency, but it does not seriously interfere with the communication of the message.

　　Topic Development: Response is mostly coherent and sustained and conveys relevant ideas information. Overall development is somewhat limited, usually lacks elaboration or specificity. Relationships between ideas may at times not be immediately clear.

　　Score：2

　　General Description: The response addresses the task, but development of the topic is limited. It contains intelligible speech, although problems with delivery and/or overall coherence occur; meaning may be obscured in places. A response at this level is characterized by at least two of the following.

　　Delivery: Speech is basically intelligible, though listener effort is needed because of unclear articulation, awkward intonation, or choppy rhythm pace; meaning may be obscured in places.

　　Language Use: The response demonstrates limited range and control of grammar and vocabulary .These limitations often prevent full expression of ideas. For the most part, only basic sentence structures are used successfully and spoken with fluidity. Structures and vocabulary may express mainly simple (short) and/or general propositions, with simple or unclear connections made among them (serial listing, conjunction, juxtaposition).

　　Topic Development: The response is connected to the task, though the number of ideas presented or the development of ideas is limited. Mostly basic ideas are expressed with limited elaboration (details and support). At times relevant substance may be vaguely expressed or repetitious. Connections of ideas may be unclear

　　Score：1

　　General Description: The response is very limited in content and/or coherence or is only minimally connected to the task, or speech is largely unintelligible. A response at this level is characterized by at least two of the following.

　　Delivery: Consistent pronunciation, stress, and intonation difficulties cause considerable listener effort; delivery is choppy, fragmented, or telegraphic; frequent pauses and hesitations.

　　Language Use: Range and control of grammar and vocabulary severely limit (or prevent) expression of ideas and connections among ideas. Some low level responses may rely heavily on practiced or formulaic expressions.

　　Topic Development: Limited relevant content expressed. The response generally lacks substance beyond expression of very basic ideas. Speaker may be unable to sustain speech to complete task and may rely heavily on repetition of the prompt.

　　Score：0

　　Speaker makes no attempt to respond OR response is unrelated to the topic.

　　解析

　　四分标准

　　口语的前两题要拿满分，相对而言比后面的4题要简单，因为可控的因素多，通过不断练习就能达到飞跃。然而，练习之前我们需要透彻地领悟ETS出题及考评的精髓，如此才能练得有的放矢，如此才能知己知彼。这里，我们就先详细解读一下ETS评判4分口语时的标准：

　　A) General Description

　　所谓总体，就是整段录音给人的直观印象，是直觉，是并未用细则的评分标准来判断时的直接感受。ETS在Soring Rubic中对于总体要求的描述还是集中在“内容”层面为主。

　　首先，“with at most minor lapses in completeness”表明了内容完整性的重要。不要以为会流利地发音，表面上说得很流畅、没有停顿iBT就能过关。ETS考察的是你用英语交流的能力，所以要说的让别人能听懂、能了解你的意思，那么意思的表达就要有首有尾，尽量形成一个complete cycle。

　　其次，"highly intelligible and exhibits sustained, coherent discourse"说的是表达过程中逻辑的演绎要有条理。在下面的细则中我们也会谈到句子与句子之间逻辑关系的问题，在口语前两题的叙述中，我们的逻辑可遵循老美常用的总分结构，一语中的。而不要用我们东方人习惯的“弯弯绕”般的“暗喻”，希望老美能猜透你的深层“精神内涵”。否则必败无疑。

　　B) Delivery

　　Delivery部分主要关注语言本身。首先是对说话时语音、语调、语速的要求。

　　“Generally well-paced flow(fluid expression). Speech is clear.”有些同学对这句话有误读。中国学生尤其会偏向于加快自己的语速，觉得速度越快就是越流利，就说明自己对语言的掌握越熟练。其实“Fluid expression”讲的不是“快”，而是整体的“流畅”。这两个概念是有区别的。大家可以想一下中文的环境。如果一个人说得飞快，甚至在你还没理解前一句的情况下，他已经把第二句说完了，而且当中还夹杂着大舌之类的咬字不清，你会觉得舒服吗?相比之下，另一个人把一件事情娓娓道来(娓娓道来的意思不是慢)，当中适当还有一些停顿来让你注意重点，你觉得他对语言的掌控相比前一个怎么样?所以，ETS才会要求有"well-paced flow"使得speech能够clear。

　　说到语音语调，很多人就觉得是音标的问题，有的人也怕自己的口音会影响太大。说口音完全没有关系是不可能的，老实说，肯定口音越纯正听起来越舒服，这点毋庸置疑。但口音问题远远不是全部，诸如新加坡口音、印度口音的故事太多，我们也不用在此赘述了。关键问题是，我们中国人说英文常常没有“重点”，所谓的重点就是“抑扬顿挫”。大家小时候背古诗的时候都知道，光背字面意思毫无感情地一遍遍是很难记住的，而在真正理解诗意的情况下，带有感情地朗读出来很容易就能记住，而这时候你注意一下自己的发音的话，很多“字”都是有重点的、有重音的。这是因为你在用自己的思想讲话，而不是用舌头讲话。IBT的道理也是一样，所谓“把英文说得