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　　一、否定

　　明显的否定关系特色词汇-no, not, none, neither, never, deny 等

　　隐含的否定关系特色词汇-fail to, absence from, lack(of), refuse to, little, few I write to my parents every month.

　　I never fail to write to my parents every month.

　　He is little known as an artist.

　　He is not a famous artist

　　否定前缀

　　英语否定的前缀主要有 a-asexual无性别的 ab-abnormal非正常的J anti-antisocial与社会对立的 counter-counterrevolution 反革命 de-decontrol解除管理，解除管制

　　dis- il- im- in- ir- mal- mis- non- un-...

　　In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was not normal.

　　In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was abnormal.

　　否定后缀

　　需注意的三个否定后缀：

　　-less、-free、-proof

　　hatless: not wearing a hat

　　salt-free: without salt

　　a bulletproof car: a car designed not to be harmed by bullets

　　二、因果

　　明显

　　Because (of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently...

　　We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there.

　　The delay is owing to the crowded traffic.

　　This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.

　　隐藏

　　1、表示“导致”的词

　　cause, lead to, make, render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, be responsible to

　　Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.

　　Your action has rendered our contract invalid

　　2、表示“由...而来''的词

　　derive from, result from, come from, originate from, initiate from,

　　His illness resulted from bad food.

　　三、比较结构

　　隐藏

　　1.自身含有最高级含义的词;

　　maximum, favorite, outstanding, top...

　　The maximum speed of this car is 150 miles per hour

　　2.比较级表示最高级

　　I've never heard a better voice.

　　China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.

　　George did more work than anyone else I like nothing better than swimming.

　　条件

　　表示条件概念的词：

　　if, unless, supposing (that), suppose (that), providing / provided (that), in case, as long as, on condition that

　　1) In case the house bums down, we’ll get the insurance money.

　　2) You can go out，as long as you promise to be back before 11 o’clock.

　　3) You can borrow the book, on condition that you don^ lend it to anyone else.

　　四、并列与转折

　　1.表不并列关系

　　likewise, in (much) the same way, similarly/similar to,

　　vice versa, also/as well as, not only ... but also ...,

　　both ... and …，neither ... nor ...，like/just like, equally, or/and

　　2.表示转折关系

　　but/yet, however, in contrast (to), conversely, though/although, nevertheless, in spite of/despite, on the contrary, even if/even though, instead (of), different from/differ from, while