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　　历史观点

　　A universal view of history and the perception of present situation mutually sustain one another. As when see the totality of the past, so we experience the present. The deeper understanding we acquire in the past, the more sagacious decisions we make in the present. (history)

　　二战的教训：

　　In world war two, the chauvinism in Germany led to great disaster not only to the Germans but also to the people of whole Europe. Fortunately, the government of Germany leant from the history that chauvinism would be harmful, and thus takes effective actions to restrict the resurgence of Nazism in all of the aspects of society.

　　Why study history

　　The importance of history in explaining and understanding change in human behavior is no more abstracted. Take an important human phenomenon such as alcoholism. Through biological experiments scientists have identified specific genes that seem to cause a proclivity toward alcohol addiction in some individuals. This is a notable advance. But alcoholism, as a social reality, has a history: rates of alcoholism have risen and fallen, and they have varied from one group to the next.

　　Attitudes and policies about alcoholism have also changed and varied. History is indispensable to understand why such changes occur. And in many ways historical analysis is a more challenging kind of exploration than genetic experimentation. Historians have in fact greatly contributed in recent decades to our understanding of trends (or patterns of change) in alcoholism and to our grasp of the dimensions of addiction as an evolving social problem.

　　解释人类行为(个人)

　　One of the leading concerns of contemporary American politics is low voter turnout, even for major elections. A historical analysis of changes in voter turnout can help us begin to understand the problem we face today. What were turnouts in the past? When did the decline set in? Once we determine when the trend began, we can try to identify which of the factors present at the time combined to set the trend in motion. Do the same factors sustain the trend still, or are there new ingredients that have contributed to it in more recent decades? A purely contemporary analysis may shed some light on the problem, but a historical assessment is clearly fundamental—and essential for anyone concerned about American political health today.

　　解释当代难题(社会)

　　The Importance of History in Our Own Lives

　　These two fundamental reasons for studying history underlie more specific and quite diverse uses of history in our own lives. History well told is beautiful. Many of the historians who most appeal to the general reading public know the importance of dramatic and skillful writing一as well as of accuracy. Biography and military history appeal in part because of the tales they contain. History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about the human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility. Exploring what historians sometimes call the "pastness of the past" 一the ways people in distant ages constructed their lives—involves a sense of beauty and excitement, and ultimately another perspective on human life and society.

　　美的享受，回到过去美好时光

　　History Contributes to Moral Understanding

　　History also provides a terrain for moral contemplation. Studying the stories of individuals and situations in the past allows a student of history to test his or her own moral sense, to hone it against some of the real complexities individuals have faced in difficult settings. People who have weathered adversity not just in some work of fiction, but in real, historical circumstances can provide inspiration. "History teaching by example" is one phrase that describes this use of a study of the past一a study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in courage, diligence, or constructive protest.

　　精神文明建设

　　History Provides Identity

　　Histories that tell the national story, emphasizing distinctive features of the national experience, are meant to drive home an understanding of national values and a commitment to national loyalty.

　　了解国家，爱国

　　Studying History Is Essential for Good Citizenship

　　History provides data about the emergence of national institutions, problems, and values—it's the only significant storehouse of such data available.