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Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories，which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups（these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.

=Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories，which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.

史学家如Le Roy Ladurie曾经利用这些文献去提取出个案史，它们说明了态度不同社会群体的（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当权者是如何妨碍司法的。

In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

= In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

在二十世纪五十年代早期，史学家们研究前工业时代欧洲的（我们可将其定义为欧洲这一时期的约自1300至1800）开始，首次很多人，调查前工业时代欧洲人口超出于百分之二或三的那些人口（百分之二或三的）构成了政治与社会精英：国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方官，他们曾经充斥于史学著作。

延伸阅读：

托福听力中高频短语真题解析（二）

托福听力中高频短语真题解析（三）

托福听力中高频短语真题解析（四）

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